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HomeMemberHelpful ToolsHealth ResourcesDiabetes Types

Diabetes

Diabetes is a disease in which the body cannot properly use insulin. The body either doesn’t make enough insulin, or can’t use the insulin properly. As a result, there is too much sugar in the blood. People with diabetes can take steps to control the disease and lower the risk of serious complications.

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Types of Diabetes: 

Causes, Identification, and More

➤There are different types of diabetes, each with different causes, but they all share the common problem of having too much glucose in your bloodstream.
Select a class in the dropdown to learn more.

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Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not make enough insulin. People with Type 1 diabetes are usually diagnosed as children or adolescents, and depend on insulin therapy and other treatments to make up for the lack of insulin.

Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes occurs when the pancreas makes some insulin, but it’s not enough to meet the body’s needs. People with Type 2 diabetes are usually diagnosed as adults and are not dependent on insulin therapy.
Gestational Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes can occur in pregnant women. While it doesn’t mean a woman had diabetes before pregnancy or will have diabetes after birth, her doctor’s advice should be followed to remain healthy.
Prediabetes

Prediabetes means you have a higher than normal blood sugar level.  Unmanaged prediabetes can lead to Type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes doesn’t always have symptoms, so it’s crucial to get blood sugar levels tested, especially if you’re at high risk. Losing weight, exercising regularly and healthy eating habits can reverse prediabetes and prevent Type 2 diabetes.

Other types of Diabetes

According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), about 2% of people have rarer types of diabetes. Including MODY, LADA, cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, and diabetes caused by rare syndromes.

  • MODY ➤ MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young) is caused by a mutation in a single gene. If a parent has this gene mutation, any child they have, has a 50% chance of inheriting it from them. If a child does inherit the mutation, the symptoms of MODY are often established before the age of 25, regardless of their weight or lifestyle.  It’s estimated that 90% of those diagnosed with MODY are mistakenly diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes at first.

  • LADA  ➤ LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults) is a type of diabetes which straddles type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The symptoms reported of this variant correspond with each Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, which is why some people call it type 1.5 diabetes or type 1 ½ diabetes. Whereas being overweight is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, people with LADA tend to have a healthy weight.

  • CFRD ➤ CFRD (Cystic Fibrosis-related Diabetes) is a type of diabetes that is unique to children and adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). The accumulation of sticky mucus caused by CF can sometimes lead to inflammation and scarring of the pancreas. This can damage the cells that produce insulin, leading to high blood glucose (sugar) levels. When the pancreas can’t produce enough insulin, blood sugar levels may continue to rise and develop into CFRD.


 

 

 

Testing & Diagnosis

Common Tests for Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Prediabetes

If diagnosed, your doctor will have you take one or more of the following blood tests:

A1C Test

The A1C test measures your average blood sugar level over the past 2 or 3 months.  

  • An A1C below 5.7% is normal
  • An A1C between 5.7 and 6.4% indicates you have prediabetes
  • An A1C 6.5% or higher indicates you have diabetes

*Results for gestational diabetes can differ. Ask your health care provider what your results mean if you’re being tested for gestational diabetes.

Glucose Tolerance Test

This test measures your blood sugar before and after you drink a liquid that contains glucose. You’ll be asked to fast overnight before the test and have your blood drawn to determine your fasting blood sugar level. Then you’ll drink the liquid and have your blood sugar level checked 1 hour, 2 hours, and possibly 3 hours afterward. 

At 2 hours, a blood sugar level of.... 

  • 140 mg/dL or lower is considered normal
  • 140 to 199 mg/dL indicates you have prediabetes
  • 200 mg/dL or higher indicates you have diabetes

*Results for gestational diabetes can differ. Ask your health care provider what your results mean if you’re being tested for gestational diabetes.

Fasting Blood Sugar Test

This test measures your blood sugar after an overnight fast. 

A fasting blood sugar level of...

  • 99 mg/dL or lower is normal
  • 100 to 125 mg/dL indicates you have prediabetes
  • 126 mg/dL or higher indicates you have diabetes

*Results for gestational diabetes can differ. Ask your health care provider what your results mean if you’re being tested for gestational diabetes.

Random Blood Sugar Test

This measures your blood sugar at the time you’re tested. You can take this test at any time and don’t need to fast prior to your appointment. A blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL or higher indicates you have diabetes.

*Results for gestational diabetes can differ. Ask your health care provider what your results mean if you’re being tested for gestational diabetes.

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What Does Insulin Do?

Insulin allows the cells in the muscles, fat and liver to absorb glucose that is in the blood. The glucose serves as energy to these cells, or it can be converted into fat when needed. Insulin also affects other metabolic processes, such as the breakdown of fat or protein.  Learn more below:

How is insulin created?

Insulin is a hormone created by your pancreas that regulates the amount of glucose in your bloodstream at any given moment. It also helps store glucose in your liver, fat, and muscles. In addition, insulin balances your body’s metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

What happens with insulin when you eat?

When you eat, your blood glucose levels elevate, and this leads a typical person’s pancreas to release insulin, so that the sugar can be stored as energy for later use. Without this pancreatic ability, as a person with either type 1 diabetes or advanced type 2 diabetes, one's blood sugar levels may rise dangerously high, or drop too low.

What happens when insulin no longer works?

Without proper insulin function, your body can’t store glucose in your muscles or liver, but neither can it make any fat.  Instead, the fat breaks down and produces, among other things, keto acids.  If the acid levels grow too high, the imbalance can trigger diabetic ketoacidosis, a potentially fatal condition if not treated immediately.

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Diabetes & Heart Disease

According to the National Institute of and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), individuals with diabetes are more likely to develop heart disease. People with diabetes are also more likely to have certain risk factors, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol, that increase their chances of having a heart attack or a stroke.  Learn more below:

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What is the connection between diabetes and heart disease?
  • High blood glucose from diabetes can damage your blood vessels and the nerves that control your heart and blood vessels. Over time, this damage can potentially lead to heart disease.

  • People with diabetes also tend to develop heart disease at a younger age than people without diabetes. In fact, adults with diabetes are nearly twice as likely to have heart disease or stroke as adults without diabetes.

  • The good news is that the steps you take to control your diabetes also help lower your chances of developing heart disease.
What other factors increase my chances of heart disease if I have diabetes?
  • Smoking ➤ Smoking raises your risk of developing heart disease.  If you have diabetes, it is important to stop smoking, because both smoking and diabetes narrow blood vessels.  

  • High blood pressure ➤ If you have high blood pressure, your heart has to pump harder to circulate blood. High blood pressure can strain your heart, damage blood vessels, and increase your risk of heart attack and stroke. Consider having your blood pressure checked regularly, and work with your doctor to regulate or lower high blood pressure.

  • Harmful cholesterol levels ➤ Cholesterol is a type of fat produced by your liver. You have two kinds of cholesterol in your blood: LDL and HDL. LDL, often referred to as “bad” cholesterol, can build up and clog your blood vessels. HDL, sometimes referred to as the “good cholesterol.” Higher levels of HDL is linked to lower risk for heart disease and stroke. To improve LDL and HDL balance, try to limit the amount of fat in your eating plan, consume more plant-based foods, and get regular physical activity.

  • Family history of heart disease ➤ Unfortunately, a family history of heart disease may add to your chances of developing the condition. If one or more of your family members had a heart attack before the age of 50, you have double the chance of developing heart disease, compared with diabetics who have no family history of the disease.  

 

 

Obesity and Diabetes

Being overweight or having obesity can make it more difficult to manage your diabetes and may compound into additional health problems, including heart disease and high blood pressure. If you are overweight and have diabetes, adopting a healthy eating plan with fewer calories and more physical activity often will lower your blood glucose levels and reduce your need for medicines.

 

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Infographic ➤ Obesity and Diabetes: Interrelationship

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Living with Diabetes

Managing your ABCs

While diabetes is a serious and critical illness requiring constant attention and maintenance, living a happy, healthy, active lifestyle is still possible. With the right determination, you can manage the numbers without excessive stress and inconvenience.

An easy way to stay on top of your condition is to remember your diabetes ABCs.

A is for the A1C test

As referenced in our Testing & Diagnosis segment, The A1C test shows your average blood glucose level over the past 3 months. 

  • The A1C goal for many people with diabetes is below 7%. 
  • Some people may do better with a slightly higher A1C goal. Your A1C goals may also change as you get older and your lifestyle changes. 
  • Ask your health care team what your goal should be.
B is for blood pressure

Blood pressure is the force of your blood against the wall of your blood vessels. High blood pressure can cause a heart attack or stroke and damage your kidneys and eyes.

  • The blood pressure goal for most people with diabetes is below 140/90 mm Hg. Talk to your primary to determine what your goal should be.
C is for cholesterol

A buildup of cholesterol, a form of fat found in your blood, can cause a heart attack or stroke.  Monitor your cholesterol levels regularly.

As a rule-of-thumb, the 50-100-150 rule is general consensus for healthy cholesterol levels.  Be sure to ask your health care team what your specific cholesterol numbers should be.

  • HDL Cholesterol ➤ 50 or higher
  • LDL Cholesterol  ➤ 100 or lower
  • Triglycerides ➤ 150 or lower

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More on Diabetes

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Ketoacidosis

•When ketone levels become too high, it can lead to potentially life-threatening condition, called diabetic ketoacidosis or DKA.

Read This Article


Stroke Awareness Month: Understanding a Global Health Challenge
5/16/2024 • Posted by University of Rochester Medical Center in Diabetes, Health and Wellness, Heart Health, Member News

Mobile Stroke Unit

Stroke is a major global health challenge. It ranks as the second-leading cause of death and the third-leading cause of disability worldwide. Factors such as high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, smoking, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, obesity, and excessive alcohol consumption can all increase the risk of stroke.

Understanding a stroke, recognizing the signs, and knowing the risk factors can help you to act quickly. So, what is a stroke, and what do you do if you or someone else is experiencing symptoms? A stroke occurs when the blood flow to a part of the brain is blocked or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts. Each minute without proper oxygen and blood flow results in millions of brain cells being lost. Swiftly and safely restoring blood flow to the brain is critical to saving as many brain cells as possible. Stroke treatments are most effective when administered early.

What Does a Stroke Feel Like?
The experience of having a stroke can differ greatly from person to person, but several common symptoms often serve as early warning signs. The sudden onset of these symptoms is critical to recognizing a stroke in its early stages, enabling you to seek immediate medical help. Here's an overview of symptoms that can indicate the onset of a stroke:

  • Vision changes
  • Numbness, weakness, or paralysis
  • Severe headache
  • Auditory changes
  • Dizziness, loss of balance, or an unexplained fall

Take Action Now
Spend a few moments today learning the FAST method's signs of stroke and understanding what a stroke might feel like. The FAST Method is:

  • Face drooping: Does one side of the face droop, or does the person report numbness on one side? Ask the person to smile. Is their smile uneven or lopsided?
  • Arm weakness: Check if one arm is weak or numb. Have them raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward?
  • Speech difficulties: Listen for slurred speech. Can they speak clearly and repeat a simple sentence like "The sky is blue"?
  • Time to call 9-1-1: If you see any of these signs, act immediately and call 9-1-1, even if the symptoms go away. Remember when the first symptoms appeared and share these details with emergency services.

Quick detection and treatment can make all the difference in successful outcomes for people who have had a stroke. That’s why it’s important not to delay getting care.

Bridging the Gap
University of Rochester Medical Center and healthcare providers nationwide are pioneering stroke treatment solutions to bridge care gaps, recognizing the importance of quick action in successfully treating stroke. As part of URMC's comprehensive stroke care, Dr. Tarun Bhalla, an endovascular neurosurgeon, introduced a Mobile Stroke Unit (MSU) to Rochester in 2018, the first in the region. The MSU's launch is significant for Monroe County, as fast access to stroke care has historically been challenging, especially in rural areas. In situations where "time is brain," delivering care as quickly as possible is crucial.

Mobile Stroke Units like URMC's are designed to function as mobile emergency rooms, equipped with essential imaging technology, such as CT scanners that quickly provide detailed brain images, and staffed by a team of medical experts, including a CT technologist, a stroke-trained critical care nurse, an EMT, a paramedic, and a neurologist. Using the same symptom checks a patient would receive in a hospital's emergency department, the team evaluates the patient's condition to determine if they are eligible for time-sensitive treatments like IV thrombolytics—medications that dissolve blood clots—right on the MSU.

In stroke care, the 'golden hour' refers to the first 60 minutes after a person was last known to be stroke-free, or in other words, the last time before they first exhibited symptoms. Receiving treatment within this golden hour is linked to the best outcomes and the highest chances of a full recovery. However, due to delays in recognizing symptoms or transportation and diagnosis, emergency rooms can only begin treatment within that golden hour for two to three percent of patients. Because the MSU arrives directly at the patient's location and begins assessment immediately, it can provide faster stroke treatment, achieving initial treatment within the crucial 60-minute window in 30 to 33 percent of cases.

URMC also supports patients and medical staff at URMC-affiliated hospitals and regional partners through teleneurology, another advancement in stroke treatment. Teleneurology uses video conferencing and digital communication tools to perform remote neurological evaluations, making specialist care accessible from almost anywhere.

Through the Teleneurology initiative, URMC neurologists ensure that neurological needs are met beyond the emergency room, with 24/7 remote acute and inpatient neurological support. This round-the-clock support has enabled 16 hospitals across upstate New York to be recognized as Primary Stroke Centers. It allows patients to receive specialized care locally, minimizing the need to relocate to larger centers and keep care close to home. This approach has led to a 15 percent decrease in patients needing to be moved for treatment.

Stroke outcomes can vary significantly. Some people fully recover, while others may face lifelong challenges, including movement, speech, or vision difficulties. However, the best chance of recovery comes from receiving immediate medical attention. Sharing information on the signs and symptoms of stroke, we can ensure more people can spot a stroke and get help immediately.